Theme Of Womens Stockings In Death Of A Salesman - 889 Words

Women’s stockings is the motif in the play. What is the significance of the womens stockings in the play? In the ‘Death of a Salesman’ the significance of the womens stockings is presented as a motif throughout the play. This is a vital part as the reader is discovering that Willy, the â€Å"well known† salesman had an affair. Even though Willy has a supportive and loving wife, he still goes out and seeks pleasure from another woman due to his loneliness â€Å"I get so lonely†. Throughout the play the stockings themselves are presented many times. The significance of the stockings shows how commitment is presented between Willy and Linda as the motif that their relationship is clearly falling apart due to the affair. Linda is not aware of the†¦show more content†¦Back to the flashback Willy gets in act one where the other woman says â€Å".. thanks for the stockings. I love a lot of stockings,† The importance of the stocking once agai n grows, as we figure out why Willy cannot stand Linda mending stockings with him around and why they make him angry â€Å"I won’t have you mending stockings in this house! Now throw them out!†. With the remembrance whenever Willy sees his wife with those stockings the urgency of guilt comes passing through him â€Å"I’ll make it up to you Linda† proving that even though he is guilty he knows he has made an utter mistake of betray Linda. Telling us that he willing to change what he has done even though Willy Loman is a man who cannot be changed. Irony is portrayed throughout the motif of the womens stockings in the ‘Death of a Salesman’. Willy â€Å"cause i get so lonely† this is ironic as he is lonely but every time his wife Linda would want to talk he would say â€Å"I’m tired† with that said Linda would not continue any further, mainly because she had no choice, her husband did not want to talk any further, therefore m aking her comply with his wishes. As the only duties Linda ever had was to take care of her family and the house, but when her family did not want to talk she had nothing else to do, but think of how to make situations better, due to her son’s being â€Å"lost† and her husband out on business she accumulated a lot of time to build up an â€Å"infiniteShow MoreRelatedBenetton Family8592 Words   |  35 Pagesday in a tiny knitting business, producing scratchy, somber-colored woolen sweaters. At night, she used a borrowed knitting machine to make her own brightly colored designs. Her brother Luciano, who was then 20 and had worked as a mens clothing salesman in Treviso, realized his 17-year-old sisters talent. The two siblings sold their bicycle and accordion and scraped together enough cash to buy their first secondhand knitting machine in 1955. Then Luciano sold a small collection of Giulianas knittedRead MoreEssay about The Results of Children in Fatherless Homes160 87 Words   |  65 Pagesequality and diversity with an impressive body of evidence that suggests that not all family structures produce equal outcomes for children? How can we square traditional notions of public support for dependent women and children with a belief in womens right to pursue autonomy and independence in childbearing and child-rearing? How do we uphold the freedom of adults to pursue individual happiness in their private relationships and at the same time respond to the needs of children for stability,Read MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesconfident of turning its operation around, only to find that Rubbermaid’s problems were not easily corrected and that they negatively impacted Newell’s fortunes as well. What do you do now? In April 1992, just outside Paris, Disney opened its first theme part in Europe. It had high expectations and supreme self-confidence (critics later called it arrogance). The earlier Disney parks in California, Florida, and more recently Japan were all spectacular successes. But rosy expectations became a delusionRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pagesindustrial and automotive pollution. Indian caste system: Members of the highest priestly castes, the Brahmans, are generally vegetarians (although some Bengali and Maharashtrian Brahmans eat fish) and avoid eating meat, the product of violence and death. High-ranking Warrior castes (Kshatriyas), however, typically consume nonvegetarian diets, considered appropriate for their traditions of valor and physical strength. A Brahman born of proper Brahman parents retains his inherent purity if he bathesRead MoreMarketing Management 14th Edition Test Bank Kotler Test Bank173911 Words   |  696 Pagestrains his companys sales force to go after the consumer. He repeatedly asks his team to bear in mind the essential fact that it is the sales teams responsibility to rouse the consumers interest and make him feel that he needs the product. A true salesman is one who can co nvert an indifferent consumer walking into the store into a new customer. Johnson believes in the ________ concept. A) product B) production C) selling D) marketing E) social responsibility Answer: C Page Ref: 18 Objective:Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesCreative Style Assessment 226 Scoring Key 226 Comparison Data 226 SKILL PRACTICE Applying Conceptual Blockbusting 227 Observer’s Feedback Form 227 Answer to Matchstick Problem in Figure 3.4 229 Answer to Shakespeare Riddle in Figure 3.5 229 Some Common Themes Applying to Water and Finance 229 Answer to Name That Ship Problem in Figure 3.6 230 Answer to Nine-Dot Problem in Figure 3.7 230 Answer to Embedded Pattern Problem in Figure 3.8 231 PART II 4 INTERPERSONAL SKILLS 232 233 BUILDING RELATIONSHIPS

Sociological Perspectives and the Social Institution of...

Sociological Perspectives and the Social Institution of the Family Society is the subject of the social sciences. Generally Speaking society is that complex social organization of human beings that share an identity inhabiting dynamic relationships and a distinctive culture. Members of a society identify themselves through that society and work together with other members to ensure that the rules, generally agreed upon by all members to govern how they relate to each other, are in place. Sociological perspectives are viewpoints from which we study and understand society and its varied mechanics and elements. There are varied sociological perspectives available to social scientists for the purpose of study. What sociological†¦show more content†¦From a functionalist perspective, how can a member of a family view self and society? First off, the self-view will be rooted in function and expectations. The father for example will view himself as one who must provide for and protect his family based on standard expectations of what fathers do an d what fatherhood means in the society he belongs to. He will view society as one of function and structure as well where his family makes up a unit integral to the functioning social groups he/his family belongs. Roles then will become part of the expected mental images a functionalist perspective gives in terms of viewing family and society. Thus, the roles of mother, father, daughter, son, aunt, uncle, grandparents, cousins - all these are based on social and cultural standards. This extends out to expected roles and functions of key individuals in society as well as social groups (i.e. Priest, teachers, politicians, employers, church, government, businesses, etc.). In terms of social change, if change is systemic, it will be based on or will have to be rooted in the need to overhaul or affect a particular function for the purpose of adapting to or surviving challenges, conflicts or trends. Take for example the trend of and the established need to adapt to new communication techn ologiesShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Social Institutions On Caribbean Culture1223 Words   |  5 PagesSocietal Institutions On Caribbean Culture and Society Objectives †¢ Gain a thorough understanding of the different social institutions: family, education, political systems †¢ Understand the main ideas of the Marxist and Functionalist perspectives †¢ Understand the Marxist and perspective on social institutions Functionalist Social Institutions †¢ Social Institutions are a fundamental part of the operations of society. They are the major organising framework in social life. Social institutions haveRead MoreThe Sociological Perspective Or Imagination, Cite Its Components, And Explain How They Were Defined By C.974 Words   |  4 Pages1- Define the sociological perspective or imagination, cite its components, and explain how they were defined by C. Wright Mills. The sociological Taboo (or imagination) is defined as a way of thinking that help us use external information and experience to form theories about the social pattern around us. We collect data and from that information, we make judgments and predictions. These require going beyond one’s point of view. People s life and experiences are different. Therefore, it is importantRead MoreP1 Unit 71069 Words   |  5 PagesExplain the principle sociological perspectives. In this assignment I will be explaining some of the different sociological perspectives in today’s society. The sociological perspectives which I will be explaining will be Functionalism, Marxism, Feminism, and interactionism, Collectivism, Postmodernism and The New Right. The first perspective which I will be explaining will be Functionalism. Functionalism is the view that our society is based onagreed norms and values. A norm is social rules that defineRead MoreEssay on what is the sociological perspective (imagination)691 Words   |  3 PagesQuestion 1: What is the sociological perspective? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;What is the nature of the social sciences? This is the question that began the study of society, first performed by C. Wright Mills in his development of the idea of the sociological imagination. There are many different aspects to the sociological perspective. Merriam-Webster dictionary defines perspective as â€Å"the capacity to view things in their true relations or relative importance†Read MoreIs There A Sociology Of Love?1046 Words   |  5 Pagesrelationships Sociological perspectives are theories that we use in the sociological world to view our social environment. These are principles set in sociology to answer, illustrate, describe or relate to a certain phenomenon, to give us a perception on a subject. The sociology theories are to enable us to analyse, predict or explain our social sphere. There are macro and micro level analysis of how perspectives work. I am going to evaluate contrasting sociological perspectives to assess particularRead MoreThe Four Aspects Of Sociology And Their View On The Media1197 Words   |  5 Pages macro, systematic theory based on the role of social institutions. Functionalists typically see every institution as having its own role in society, all institutions working alongside one another to create value consensus and social solidarity. This theory is called the organic analogy, comparing society to the human body and such if an institution is not serving its purpose then it is in need of reform. The me dia is one of the social institutions that play a role in society. Functionalist stateRead More Sociological Imagination Essay582 Words   |  3 Pages To understand the term `Sociological Imagination, it is important to identify what Sociology is and what do sociologists study. It is also vital to look at the three basic concerns of the sociological imagination or perspective, which include Social Structure, Social Institutions and Social Processes. Moreover, it is necessary to understand what C. Wright Mills means when he mentions the personal troubles of milieu and the public issues of social structure, and how it helps usRead MoreThe Idea Of â€Å"Family† Holds Various Meanings For Everyone1534 Words   |  7 PagesThe idea of â€Å"family† holds various meanings for everyone depending on their rituals, symbols, ideology, and situatedness in time, place, and culture. A biologist may define family as a group involving all descendants of a common ancestor. A criminologist may define family as a group of people united in criminal activity. A sociologist may define family as a fundamental social group in society consistent of one or two parents and the children they raise. Historically, people have considered a nuclearRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination By C. Wright Mills986 Words   |  4 PagesMills Chapter Summary â€Å"Yet Men do not usually define the troubles they endure in terms of historical change and institution contradiction.† Stated from chapter one of â€Å"The Classic Readings in Sociology† which was based on â€Å"The Sociology Imagination† by C. Wright Mills. As our Sociology 131 class study the works of C. Wright Mills, we learn and examine his views. We learn how he view other things such as marriage, war, and the limitations of men. His view of war is that both sides playRead MoreEssay Sociology676 Words   |  3 Pagesmajor sociological theoretical paradigms. For each, what are the key tenets? How does each explain how society works? Functionalist Perspectives† also known as Structural-Functional Paradigm†- â€Å"The sociological approach that views society as a stable, orderly system. According to this perspective, a society is composed of interrelated parts, each of which serves a function and (ideally) contributes to the overall stability of the society. Societies develop social structures, or institutions that

Aiims and Objectives Free Essays

Task 1 – The aims and objectives of Tesco Nike Aims: An aim is a goal of which a business wants to achieve. For example, some businesses aim to expand whilst others aim to survive. Another aim that a business can have is selling as much as possible whilst others aim to improve the quality of their products. We will write a custom essay sample on Aiims and Objectives or any similar topic only for you Order Now Objective: An objective is what a business wants to achieve but more precise targets than aim. For example an objective for a business can be to sell 1000 more products than we sold last year, sell more products than its competitors, make ? 0,000 more profit than the previous year. Aim vs Objective: The difference between an aim and an objective is that an objective is more precise and measureable than an aim. For example an aim can be to make more profit, whilst an objective can be to make ? 10,000 more profit than the previous year. The best type of objectives is a SMART objective. SMART stands for the following; S – Specific M – Measurable A – Agreed R – Realistic T – Time constrained An example of a SMART objective is ‘to increase in sales of organic products to ? 1 billion by 2006’. This is a specific objective, it is also measurable and is time constrained it must be achieved by 2006, given customer interest in organic product, it is also realistic, and if this objective has also been agreed with suppliers and store managers, this it is a SMART objective, but if Tesco had merely said it wanted ‘to increase sales of organic product’ then this is not SMART, and it also cannot be measured easily. Why an objective must be measurable? An objective of a business must be measurable in order to see if the business has reached its aim, however if it is necessary a business can change its objective in order to meet its aim. A business can make its objective measurable; instead of saying we will make more profit. A business can make its objective measurable by giving it a time to measure; therefore a measurable objective can be we will make ? 10,000 more profit than the previous year. Aims of Nike: †¢ Nike is aiming to upgrade its profit by more than 50% in the next five years. From the Internet. †¢ Nike is aiming on developing low-cost canvas footwear in developing countries in the next 3 years. From the Internet. †¢ Nike is aiming to keep their brand as the largest sportswear brand in the world, by preventing Adidas from outshining them. From the Internet. †¢ By the next year Nike is aiming to show in its adverts, and annual reports that it has good intentions with regards to working conditions. From the Internet. †¢ Nike is aiming for 50% Revenue Growth over Next Five Years. From the Internet. †¢ Nike is aiming to upgrade its volume more than 50% in the next fives years. From the Internet. Aims of Tesco: †¢ Tesco is aiming to upgrade its profit by more than 50% in the next five years. From the Internet. †¢ Tesco is aiming to understand their customers better than anyone in the next 3 years. From the Internet. Tesco is aiming to make their company the largest supermarket in the next 8 years, by outshining global competitors such as Wal-Mart and Carrefour. From the Internet. †¢ Tesco are aiming to provide 150 more organic products than the previous year. From the Internet. †¢ By the next year Tesco is aiming to show in its adverts, and annual reports that it has good intentions with regards to working conditions. From the Internet. Aims and objectives of Tesco and Nike: All types of businesses including Tesco and Nike must be professionally organised in order to achieve the aims and objectives that it has set itself. Businesses including Tesco and Nike must have aims to find out which department that they need to improve in, in order to improve the business as a whole. Businesses including Tesco and Nike must make objectives to find out how they are going to achieve the aims that it has set itself. Why the aims and objectives of Nike and Tesco differ: The aims and objectives of my two chosen organisation which are called Tesco and Nike differ because Tesco is more like a supermarket which sells foods, and also non-food goods and services such as jewellery, books, CDs, and clothes. Whilst Nike is more like a giant sports organisation which doesn’t sell non-food goods, but it sells sports products such as trainers and clothes. The main objective of Nike is to protect and improve Nike’s position as the number one athletic brand in America and around the world; this proves that Nike has the ambition to make their organisation as big as possible, Nike are only interested in expanding their organisation. Comparison of business aims: Moreover Tesco’s main objective is to take over Homebase and Argos in sales of homeware, electrical goods and services, this proves that Tesco doesn’t want to only be known as a food retailer organisation, but they also want to be known as an organisation which also offers their customers competitive prices in homeware, and electrical goods and services. Tesco and Nike have different aims because they’re in different categories of business, moreover they are also in a different sector of business and ownership. Tesco try to fulfil the needs of their customers, they do this by providing their customers with products which are of good quality. Tesco’s main aim to improve the popular products that are amongst their customers that they already have; thereafter they should bring in more products that their customers are in need of. Furthermore, in present time Tesco are trying to progress their company in the electronic, gaming and clothing sector at an affordable cost. So as a result even though its only of a minority Tesco also happen to cover some other sectors such as; clothing, gaming and electronic. Tesco will choose aims that suit them and are reasonable in other words aims that can be achieved. Tesco acknowledge that fact that other branded products will be expensive to buy and will not suit the company as in order to make great profits the prices of the products must be sold expensively, therefore in order to sort out this problem Tesco have made their own brand of high quality of products at a low and reasonable price, hence Tesco has the title of being one of the cheapest supermarkets in Britain. However other supermarkets such as Asda and Sainsbury’s also have their own branded products. Tesco posses a great quality that all businesses crave to posses; and that quality is none other than the fact that Tesco is incredibly organised. I know for a fact that Tesco are organised, because I remember going to Tesco and I witnessed the fact that products that are relevant are in the same section so that it makes easier for the customers to find their desired product and compare the prices with similar products for example they locate baby products in the same section near each other, so that parents looking to buy baby cereal and baby yoghurt will not suffer the exhaustion of travelling to the other end of the supermarket. Tesco also name the sections so that customers don’t get confused. The thing that I also like about Tesco is that they locate baby stuff in sections that are near to each other so once again the customer doesn’t need to walk across to the other side of the supermarket to get a cereal and the other side to get pampers. However other supermarket that I’ve seen with my own eyes such as Asda also do this. I say that Tesco and Asda are the most organised supermarket in Britain ( Judging from my own eyes), Both supermarkets have new/ products with special offers near the entrance; they use this method to make sure that new/ products with special offers is the first thing that the customers sees, hence the customer will not miss the special offer or a new product. Another reason why they do this is because Tesco acknowledges the fact that customers like to see what’s new and that if they can’t find the new roduct/s then they will start to ask the staff, this will make them busy and also stop the staff from concentrating on their work. Nike is a company that sells and manufacture all type of sports wear and products. The advantages that Nike has are that they both manufacture and sell products that their customers have an interest in. In order for Nike to sell more goods and services they (Nike) sponsor sport stars such as Cristiano Ronaldo, Roger Federer and Tiger Woods. You can observe that these sport stars are one of the best and on top in their profession, hence they have a big fan base and these fans like to imitate their idols and wear similar clothing; due to the fact these sports stars posses an enormous fan base is noteworthy because it will mean that the fans will buy the Nike products, that the sports stars are wearing. However this doesn’t come in cheap, as the sports stars get paid an enormous amount for wearing the Nike clothing range. The followings is how much each Sport star get paid by Nike. †¢ Cristiano Ronaldo – Currently gets ? 6 million a year sponsorship. †¢ Roger Federer – Currently gets ? 8. 4607875 million a year sponsorship †¢ Tiger Woods – Currently gets ? 13. 0165962 million a year sponsorship Although these Sports stars get paid generously, I however think that they are worth it ‘because they have helped Nike to generate sales. However Adidas who are Nike’s competition also have endorsement deals for Sport starts most notably David Beckham. However my other business (Tesco) will not be able to sponsor sports stars as their main speciality is by selling food products especially groceries and sport stars are not relevant to what they sell therefore the sport stars won’t be able to generate more profit for Tesco moreover the other reason is that Nike’s financial situation is better than Tesco’s therefore Tesco won’t afford to pay the enormous amount anyways that is needed to pay these huge sports stars with enormous fan base behind them. The aims and objectives of Tesco and Nike is differs because Nike is very different to Tesco as Nike only has few Niketowns shops as they sell their wide range of sports products to shops such as JD and Sports Direct but Tesco sell their own branded products and products that are not Tesco branded therefore Nike and Tesco will have different aims and objectives as both the businesses are ran differently and located in different areas. Moreover it can also be different because all the Niketowns I see are densely populated such as the one in Oxford, moreover Nike products can be bought in batch (shops such as JD and Sports Direct buy in batch, because they will save capital from buying in batch) but this cannot be done in Tesco as Tesco locate themselves in a location near some type of estate which has a lot of people there so that their customers don’t take long journeys and as a result goods and services are sold individually; because of this fact the aims and objectives of Tesco and Nike will differ. Nike have factories to make their products whilst Tesco buy their goods and services from other people whilst they also sell their own branded products some of which are made in the store (such as bread and other groceries) therefore it will be fresh for customers to consume. This is one of the reasons why the aims and objectives of Tesco differ. Moreover Nike and Tesco can also have few similar aims and objectives because the ownership of both Tesco and Nike is public limited company which means that shares are traded on the stock exchanged, however the interesting reason for Tesco and Nike being a public limited company is because of their enormous size. If both Nike and Tesco were owned by a sole trader or by a partnership except being owned by a public limited company then due to their enormous size it would be very difficult to raise enough funds for Tesco and Nike. Similarly, both companies are owned by shareholders. Tesco and Nike are not successful on meeting their aims and objective, because they haven’t released a statement saying that they have been successful on achieving their aims and objectives. |Similarities: |Differences: | |Both Tesco and Nike are aiming to upgrade their profit by more |Tesco is aiming to become the largest supermarket in the world | |than 50% in the next five years whilst Nike is aiming to protect their no. 1 status of being | | |the largest sportswear brand in the world | |By the next year both Tesco and Nike are aiming to show in |Tesco is aiming to understand their customers better than | |their adverts, and annual reports that they have good |anyone in the next 3 years whilst Nike is aiming for 50% | |intentions with regards to working conditions. |Revenue Growth over Next Five Years. | Suggestion of business aims: I would suggest for Tesco to aim to manufacture (Tesco branded) sporting products such as treadmill, rower and cycle for women by the next year as women of this generation have no-time to go to the gym and they want to stay in shape, be fit whilst others want to lose however Tesco should manufacture (Tesco branded) weights and other home gym equipments as most men want to get a toned physique; if Tesco manufacture these (Tesco branded) products in the near future then they will meet the demands of their customers, and because it’s Tesco branded it should be reasonably cheap. Tesco should perhaps imitate Nike and sponsor a famous fitness model for the advertisement of the products I have suggested. I would suggest Nike to aim to introduce interesting and exciting fitness programmes by the next year for people who suffer to lose weight/gain muscle or don’t know how to lose weight/gain or simply need to be motivated to lose weight/gain muscle; this will make Nike wider and more appealing to their customers as they will not only be helping their customers but also beating their competitive businesses such as Adidas and Reebok because both of these Nike’s do not sell fitness programmes to their customers which will give Nike an edge of their competitive businesses. Nike should also then sponsor a world famous fitness model to advertise the product that I have suggested. From my own experience I think that although Nike have a range of great quality products they however don’t have them in competitive prices and this is what some customers complain about (me, and my friends), wearing Nike looks cool but the prices on the clothes is just too much, therefore the product that I suggest Nike to manufacture should be very competitive. The difference between Nike and Tesco is that Tesco have cheap products whilst the products of Nike are very expensive and other customers who are less fortunate will have to dig deep in their pockets to buy the Nike product that they desire. I suggest Nike to make their products cheaper as we are in the recession and some people don’t have jobs so they won’t be able to afford it, plus some have had their salary cut down due to the recession. Another suggestion that I would like to make for both of my companies is that I think that they should both aim to join with their biggest competitor by the next 3 years which will contribute in my companies to expand to such an extent that no business can reach their heights, as the less superstores are around the less options the customers have and the more likely the customers will go to Tesco or Nike. Or if they don’t like the idea of joining with their competitors then I would suggest both of my companies to start using franchises for their business; and thereby aim to have 5,000 new franchises in the next 5 years. This will allow my business to expand and grow faster and more cheaply, than buying all the branches. This will also benefit the franchisees; due to the fact that my companies are very popular, well-known and familiar to people across the globe and it is also promoted and advertised both nationally and internationally thereby the franchisee will not have to bother to advertise which will save him/her cost. The franchisee will also benefit from advices on how to run the business and usually have exclusive and special rights to operate in a certain location which could really help boost __________________________________________________________ Sources/References http://www. mirrorfootball. co. uk/news/Cristiano-Ronaldo-wins-pound-6million-Nike-contract-article26148. html http://tennisinfoblog. com/roger-federer-to-sign-new-lucrative-10-year-contract-with-nike http://www. google. co. uk/search? hl=enrls=com. microsoft%3Aen-gb%3AIE-SearchBoxq=convert+13+dollars+to+poundsmeta=aq=faqi=aql=oq=gs_rfai How to cite Aiims and Objectives, Papers

European Comparative Company law

Questions: Task 1: Outiline and explain the contents of employment contracts and the legal liabilities of managers and directors? Task 2: Demonstrate the ways in which European Union Law affects the conduct of business in the United Kingdom? Task 3: Identify and explain the main sources of law affecting business and policies relating to customers, related companies and employment? Answers: Introduction The following assignment intends to bring out the critical issues relating to the functioning of legislations applicable to the business world in the United Kingdom (UK) and the influence and applicability of the prevailing regulations and directives of the European Union (EU) on such legislations. In this assignment we will closely review the legislations relating to a Partnership Firm and Limited Liability Partnerships (LLP); the distinctions between employment and contractual labor and the liabilities of the management of a company arising out of such contracts and the directives issued by EU relating to different types of legal systems. The whole assessment of the related issues will be done on the basis of the prevailing legislations in this regard prevalent in the UK and the applicability of EU directives in such a legislative structure. Each of the three questions will be addressed and explained separately in the light of applicable regulations issued by proper authorities (NovakovicÃÅ'  and KrecÃÅ' a, 2013). Task 1 This task involves advising three friends about the matters that they should take into consideration while deciding about the type of business they should choose while they are starting. The choice is between a partnership firm (an unincorporated form of business) and a LLP (incorporated body). To ascertain which one to opt for, we should have a close look at the advantages and disadvantages that these two offer in the present dynamic business environment which can be done with the help of a point wise analysis of the distinctions between these two. But first we should understand what a LLP is and how is it different from a normal partnership firm? What is a LLP? A LLP is an incorporated form of organization which has a separate and distinct entity of its own just as an incorporated company. It is a body corporate which is a legal person in the eyes of the law (Andens and Wooldridge, 2009). So, why the word partnership if it is similar to a corporate form of organization? The answer is simple; it provides diversity with much ease in doing business. A LLP extracts the advantages of both forms of incorporated and unincorporated form of businesses. It combines the flexibility of a partnership business and the concept of separate legal from a company form of organization (Hurt). Two of the most striking features of a LLP are: The liability of the partners are limited as regards to their contributions towards the assets of the LLP in the event of winding up of the LLP, and The demarcation of management and ownership. The members may be the managers, but the existence of management and ownership are separate (Ingle). Effects of EU regulations on the business community of UK Thus, a seEffects of EU regulations on the business community of UKter and the limitation of the liabilities of the partners, gives LLP a better competitive edge over a normal partnership firm. To evaluate the viability of the two forms of businesses we need to have a close look at the points of distinction between them. Points of Difference Partnership LLP Governing Statute Partnership Act, 1890 LLP Act, 2000 Organizational Status Unincorporated Incorporated Registration Optional Compulsory Relationship of Partners Governed by the Laws of Agency. Partners are agents of each other. Fiduciary. Partners are agent of the LLP. Liability of Partners Unlimited or as agreed upon by the partners in the partnership deed. Limited to the extent provided in the Document of Incorporation. Designated Partners No such designation in a partnership. At least two designated partners required who will be responsible for compliance of the applicable regulations and disclosure of information to the Registrar (Legislation.gov.uk, 2015). Constitutional Document Deed of Partnership Document of Incorporation. Commencement of Business Business can be commenced after the execution of the partnership deed. Business can commence only after obtaining a Certificate of Incorporation from the Registrar (Legislation.gov.uk, 2015). Legal Entity A partnership firm does not have a separate legal entity. A LLP is a separate legal entity independent of its members. Management Ownership Management ownership are same. Management ownership are separate. Membership Requirements Minimum 2 and maximum 20. Minimum 2 and there is no upper limit. Registration of Member changes Can be done internally without involving any registration requirement (Legislation.gov.uk, 2015). Changes in the composition of membership should be registered with the registrar. Audit requirement and filing of documents. No such requirement. Required under LLP Regulations 2001 and GAAP. Rights Taxation Profits are distributed among the partners according to their contribution who pay individual income tax for their income. Profits are distributed equally and the members pay individual income tax (Legislation.gov.uk, 2015). Applicability of Companies Act Not applicable. Certain provisions are applicable. Perpetual Succession No. A LLP has a perpetual succession as it is independent of its members. Dissolution A partnership can be dissolved when the deed expires of by simply termination the deed. Proper provisions of the LLP Regulations, Companies Act has to be followed for voluntary winding up or suo moto winding up by the Registrar (Legislation.gov.uk, 2015). Registration for VAT Not applicable. As a LLP is formed as a body corporate, it can register itself for VAT. Binding effect of acts of the Partners Acts of partners are binding on the other partners. Personal liabilities distributed jointly and/or severally (Legislation.gov.uk, 2015). Acts of members are binding on the LLP even if a partner acts outside his authority provided in the partners agreement. There is no personal liability of the partners arising for contracts or debts of a LLP and of other members (Legislation.gov.uk, 2015). Therefore, it is clear from the above points that LLPs offer much more advantages than that of a normal partnership firm. Thus, a LLP is a much more suitable option while setting up a new business. Effects of EU regulations on the business community of UK Irrespective of the form and nature of the business organization, the effects of applicable EU legislations have rocked the business environment of UK. After UK joined the EU, gradually stringent laws of the EU were being thrust upon the UK. Such laws became to be known as the Red Tape (Business for Britain, 2015). The business community started losing billions of pounds due to such stringent norms of EU. This forced the business community to make representations to the UK government and to the European Council (UK Government, 2015). A rough estimation proved that more than 50% of the legislations in UK which have an impact on the economy of the country are affected by EU laws (Open Europe, 2015). It is estimated by the agency that around 33.3 billion pounds per year present a cost to the UK economy as a result of such EU regulations. Thus, to start a new business every aspect of the prevalent and applicable legislations should be considered and given due importance (Innertemplelibrary.org.uk, 2015). Task 2 In this task we are required to advice a friend about the difference between an employee and an independent contractor. To understand this we need to closely examine this from the viewpoint of the employing organization. We also need to understand the capacity in which any particular person is serving the organization (Beer and Schils, 2009). We will demonstrate this below. Who is an employee? Employees are persons whose employment is governed by an employment contract. An employee is entitled to a few specific employment rights and responsibilities and has a few obligations towards an employer which are different from an independent contractor (Hammond and Hammond, 1919). The capacity in which he serves his employer also differs from that of an independent contractor. Essentials of a valid Employment Contract As stated above, employment is governed by an employment contract; we now need to ascertain the contents of a valid employment contract. An employment contract exhibits the nature of relationship an employer and an employee has between themselves. The contents of the contract largely depend upon the nature of the business undertaken and the type of job to be offered by the employee (Jolly, 2009). Thus, the contents can be enumerated as below: Full details of the employer and the employee The date on which the contract is being executed Clear explanation of the designation to be held by the employee Performance required by the employee Benefits. For these a separate statement is given by the employer known as the Written Statement of Employment Particulars Compensation to be given to the employee Other applicable elements and miscellaneous matters Termination clause. It provides the conditions and the pre-conditions for the termination of the employment contract (Moore, 2013). ployment Rights and Obligations of an Independent Cont Liabilities of Managers and Directors As the directors and other managers are solely responsible for the working of an organization; liability towards the employees generally falls in their lap too (Jolly, 2009). The liabilities are as follows: To protect the interests of the employees To provide a financial and social shield for the employees To motivate them Ensure proper working environment is provided To put in place an effective channel of communication to promote proper co-ordination of the whole working process Not to thrust the employees in a hazardous environment or work without proper protection To ensure that all the benefits are received by the employee as stipulated in the written statement To ensure that no default takes place on behalf of the company resulting to any breach in the terms of the employment contract (Lehmann and Tatsiramos, 2012). Employment Rights and Obligations of an Employee An employee is a worker in a company and enjoys certain benefits and has a few predetermined obligations out of his employment which are different from non-employees. The following are the rights and obligations that an employee has: Employment contract includes the Offer Letter and the Appointment Letter. The principal is known as employer and the contracted person is known as employee. An employee is entitled to a salary and is regarded as a part of the organization. The services of an employee are exclusive for his employer and serves on a continuous basis. Before resigning an employee is required to give a minimum notice period to the employer. An employee has legislative protection against unfair termination of his/her employment. Statutory sick leave is granted to an employee along with other leaves such as parental leave and shared parental leave which are treated as paid leaves (Lehmann and Tatsiramos, 2012). An employee has the right to terminate his employment relationship with the company or the employer without incurring any extra liability. An employee does not make profits or loss during his employment tenure. Flexible working request right and time off is allowed in case of emergencies. Redundancy pay under statute. Fixed working hours of work and employees cannot be substituted by someone else. Working material is provided by the employer. Applicable deductions of tax and National Insurance Contributions from their salary. Company policies and rules are applicable to employees. Who is an independent contractor? An independent contractor is a self employed person and is his own principal. An independent contractor runs his business himself and is solely responsible for the profits and losses of the work or business done (Mariz, Llinares and Westermark, 2011). This is the major reason why they are not included in employment laws of the UK. They are hired for a particular job on a contractual basis. Their employment ceases on the completion of the work or by terminating the contract (Innertemplelibrary.org.uk, 2015). Employment Rights and Obligations of an Independent Contractor Although, independent contractors are not covered by the applicable employment laws, they still do have a few rights while under the contract laws (Blanpain, Dickens and Andersen, 2008). Following are the rights and obligations of an independent contractor: The binding agreement is generally the contract for employment. The compensation is in the nature of contract price payable by the company. The relationship of employer and employee does not exist and the contractor does not form a part of the organization. The services of an independent contractor are not exclusive. He is not entitled to statutory leaves from employment such as parental leaves and cannot be fired. He is not under Pay As You Earn (PAYE) scheme and no deductions are done from the contract price. Termination of contract will attract extra liabilities on part of the independent contractor. No requirements of registration under HMRC. Income is in the nature of business income and is assessed differently under the tax laws. He makes a profit generally on the completion of the job. An independent contractor is not provided any training by the company engaging his services to perform the job. Thus, the above points make clear the points of distinction between an employee and an independent contractor. The liability of the managers and the directors of the company are limited to the terms of the contract only. Task 3 With the UK becoming a member of the EU in the 1970s a whole lot of European laws became applicable to UK. In case of any contravening provisions, the EU laws always prevail over the UK laws. Laws made by the EU are applicable to all the Member States and has resulted in the integration of EU laws with the laws of the member states. This has resulted in competencies changing hands from states to the EU. Monism and Dualism are theories of this process of integration of international laws with the national laws of a country (Bekker, 2010). Monism Under the monist system of legal integration it is believes that the national laws and the international laws are in a unity and is uniform throughout the boundaries of the state. In such a scenario, both the national and the international laws are accepted and this harmonized integration is the essence of the legal system prevailing in the country (Bohne, 2011). Generally, this integration is achieved by a treaty or an agreement between a member state and the EU. In such a scenario the international law is incorporated and is automatically binding on the domestic laws. The moment an international treaty is ratified, international laws automatically becomes a part of the national law. After such ratification, any domestic law which is in contravention of the international law is termed as null and void (Martinico and Pollicino, 2010). Dualism This is just the opposite of monism. Dualism system contemplates that national laws and international laws are different and international laws should be translated for the purpose of their integration. This system claims that in order to be applicable in any particular state, an international law has to be translated in domestic parlance and should also accept the domestic law as its part; otherwise the international law cannot be considered as a law in the domestic country. Further, if a treaty is adopted by any state and the national law is ignored or is not incorporated in the treaty then it amounts to a violation of the national law. But this fact itself does not render the treaty to be a part of the national law (Ciongaru). In case of UK, the principle of immediate applicability takes place. Immediate applicability means the automatic integration of the EU laws into the national legislation. Dualism has found its place in UK, as ratification of treaties is done according to the European Communities Act, 1972 which has been voted by the British Parliament (Ghosal, 2011). The International Treaty of Adhesion is an example. The legal relationship of UK with the EU has been made effective by various provisions of the European Communities Act, 1972 (Business for Britain, 2015). Distinction between EU Regulations and Directives The treaties undertaken by the EU and its member states are multifarious and are made effective through different legal instruments. Some of them are applicable and binding to all the member states and some of them are applicable only to a few specific states (Canova, Coutinho and Kontolemis, 2012). What are Regulations? A regulation is a piece of legislation which is applicable to all the member states of the EU. It is binding on all the states and is applicable directly without the need of any king of ratification or any form of national legislation (Europa.eu, 2015). What are Directives? Directives can be defines as overall goals or objectives which the member states are required to achieve. The path, strategies and policies are left to the member states to decide upon. Thus, the function of EU in giving directives is same as giving an assignment to the member states which they are required to complete by employing their own methods (Europa.eu, 2015). Conclusion All the three tasks relate to the undertaking or doing business activities in the EU and the applicability of various national and international laws in each case. 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